what happened after the end of reconstruction quizlet what happened after the end of reconstruction quizlet

For example, AERA member Frederick Douglass insisted that the ballot was literally a question of life and death for southern Black men, but not for women.23 Some African American women challenged white suffragists in other ways. His success made him a potential presidential candidate. 5. Serving an expanded citizenry, Reconstruction governments established the Souths first state-funded public school systems, sought to strengthen the bargaining power of plantation labourers, made taxation more equitable, and outlawed racial discrimination in public transportation and accommodations. Cities became centers of Republican control. The backlash succeeded, and the promises of Reconstruction were mostly unfulfilled. Specific factors which finally ended the Reconstruction Era included the disputes surrounding the 1876 presidential election, increasing violence by the Ku Klux WebExplain that African Americans in the South faced a variety of problems at the end of Reconstruction. National attention shifted away from the South and the activities of the Klan, but African Americans remained trapped in a world of white supremacy that restricted their economic, social, and political rights. 15, in which land in Georgia and South Carolina was to be set aside as a homestead for the freedpeople. Violence shattered the dream of biracial democracy. How did Reconstruction end and what was its legacy? You are ready to say they did and we will not argue the point with you. 15 of January 1865, which set aside a large swath of land along the coast of South Carolina and Georgia for the exclusive settlement of Black families, and by the Freedmens Bureau Act of March, which authorized the bureau to rent or sell land in its possession to former slaves. Some Republicans, like U.S. congressman Thaddeus Stevens, believed in racial equality, but the majority were motivated primarily by the interest of their political party. They used poll taxes and literacy tests to prevent African Americans from voting, and passed Jim Crow laws that prevented African Americans from using facilities that whites used. Freedom is a core aspect They won particular influence during Ulysses S. Grants first term as president (18681872). However, this provoked a violent backlash from whites who did not want to relinquish supremacy. The 13th was made in 1865, the 14th in 1868, and the 15 in 1870. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_immigration_to_the_United_States#First_major_wave_of_Asian_immigration_(1850%E2%80%931917), Creative Commons Attribution/Non-Commercial/Share-Alike. It was also home to a robust market economy. White southerners initially opposed the Redeemers and instead clung tightly to white supremacy and the Confederacy, but between 1869 and 1871, the Redeemers won support from white southerners by promising local rule by white Democrats, rather than Black or white Republicans. Explain. . African American women continued participating in federal Decoration Day ceremonies and, later, formed their own club organizations. Under the peculiar circumstances what could the people of South Carolina do but resort to Ku Kluxing?33, Victims and witnesses to the violence told a different story. During Reconstruction, more The era of Reconstruction witnessed a few moments of true progress. The laundress, nameless in Gertrudes records, performed her job and returned home. When Congress assembled in December 1865, Radical Republicans such as Rep. Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania and Sen. Charles Sumner from Massachusetts called for the establishment of new Southern governments based on equality before the law and universal male suffrage. Republicans, fearing another sectional crisis, reached out to Democrats. 1. Lacking land, most former slaves had little economic alternative other than resuming work on plantations owned by whites. Southern state governments attempted to limit the physical freedom of African Americans as well, with statutes known as the Black Codes. Wartime laws also transformed the relationship between the federal government and the American economy. While white southern women decided whether and how to return to their prior status, African American women embraced new freedoms and a redefinition of womanhood. He pardoned all southerners engaged in the rebellion with the exception of wealthy planters who possessed more than $20,000 in property.5The southern aristocracy would have to appeal to Johnson for individual pardons. Please select which sections you would like to print: Dewitt Clinton Professor of History, Columbia University. In 1876, Thompson was exposed for cross-dressing. Not until the 1960s, in the civil rights movement, sometimes called the second Reconstruction, would the country again attempt to fulfill the political and social agenda of Reconstruction. WebReconstruction lasted from 1865 to 1877. WebAmong other things, the Klan trials reveal the great expansion of the jurisdiction of the federal courts during Reconstruction. So how much did the In September 1873, Jay Cooke and Company declared bankruptcy, resulting in a bank run that spiraled into a six-year depression. Okay, first let's look at They could not make enough money to pay back their debt to landowners and buy their own land. Workers demanded higher wages to pay rents and buy necessities, while the business community groaned under their growing tax burden. Numerous Republican politicians, perhaps dozens, were killed, either while in office or while campaigning. The center illustration shows a Black soldier as Othello and President Andrew Johnson as Iago.Johnsons slogans Treason is a crime and must be made odious and I am your Moses are on the wall. For white families, suicide and divorce became more acceptable, while the opposite occurred for Black families. African Americans gained citizenship rights like the ability to serve on juries as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Fourteenth Amendment. At the bottom, Johnson is trying to charm aConfederate Copperhead. Aftermath of the Civil War As the Civil War ended in early May 1865, Georgias Confederate governor, Joseph E. Brown, surrendered to Union authorities and was paroled. Johnson, a states-rights, strict-constructionist, and unapologetic racist from Tennessee, offered southern states a quick restoration into the Union. Six weeks later, on July 9, 1868, the states ratified the Fourteenth Amendment, guaranteeing birthright citizenship and equal protection of the laws. Reconstruction After the Civil War As a Union victory became more of certainty, Americas struggle with Reconstruction began before the end of the Civil War. WebWhat happened in the South after Reconstruction ended? Have students brainstorm ideas about what these problems might be. led to short-lived revolutions in the concept of citizenship Despite the enduring presence of Reconstruction in those states, white conservatives organized violence and fraud with impunity. of the 1950s and '60s. era, the 13th Amendment, which ended the system of slavery in 1865, the 14th Amendment, which On May 1, 1865, African Americans in Charleston created the precursor to the modern Memorial Day by mourning the Union dead buried hastily on a race track turned prison.29 Like their white counterparts, the three hundred African American women who participated had been members of the local Patriotic Association, which aided freedpeople during the war. Republicans in Congress responded to the codes with the Civil Rights Act of 1866, the first federal attempt to constitutionally define all American-born residents (except Native peoples) as citizens. Blacks hopes that the federal government would provide them with land had been raised by Gen. William T. Shermans Field Order No. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The Democrats wanted all remaining federal troops removed from the South in return. In nearly every conflict, white conservatives initiated violence in reaction to Republican rallies or conventions or elections in which Black men were to vote. Not having anyone telling you what to do, not being in prison? Republican Ulysses S. Grant was elected president that fall (see United States presidential election of 1868). Pictured here are Hiram Revels (the first African American Senator) alongside six Black representatives, all from the former Confederate states. After receiving an education in Salem, Massachusetts, Forten became the first Black American hired to teach white students. Reconstruction brought the first moment of mass democratic participation for African Americans. What happened after the end of reconstruction? citizenship was exclusively the privilege of white Americans. Sixteen African Americans served in Congress during Reconstructionincluding Hiram Revels and Blanche K. Bruce in the U.S. Senatemore than 600 in state legislatures, and hundreds more in local offices from sheriff to justice of the peace scattered across the South. How do you summon no AI mobs in Minecraft? So when Johnson announced that the southern states had been restored, congressional Republicans refused to seat delegates from the newly reconstructed states. The economic turmoil enabled the Democrats to take control of the House of Representatives after the 1874 elections, blunting the legislatures capacity to any longer direct Reconstruction. What happened in the South after the Reconstruction era ended? Sallie Adkins of Warren County, Georgia, was traveling with her husband, Joseph, a Georgia state senator, when he was assassinated by Klansmen on May 10, 1869. Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. d. The protections of black civil rights crumbled under the pressure of restored white rule and (For the next 100 years, through Jim Crow Laws, the rights of AA were systematically denied.). Pardoned Rebels murdered him. The 15th Amendment radically The assassination of Abraham Lincoln propelled Vice President Andrew Johnson into the executive office in April 1865. We had passably good roads, on which we could reach almost any part of the State, and the next week they were all gonenot simply broken up, but gone. The Reconstruction era redefined U.S. citizenship and expanded the franchise, changed the relationship between the federal government and the governments of the states, and highlighted the differences between political and economic democracy. Americans could go and what they could do. The violence, according to many white conservatives, was fabricated, or not as bad as it was claimed, or an unavoidable consequence of the enfranchisement of African Americans. The years between 1865 and 1877 form the period in American history known as Reconstructionreconstruction, in this case, meaning the rebuilding of the federal Union which had been disrupted by the attempt of eleven Southern states to secede from that Union in order to protect legalized slavery. In contrast to the slave South, northerners praised their region as a land of free labor, populated by farmers, merchants, and wage laborers. The Homestead Act, meant to open the West to small farmers, was often frustrated by railroad corporations and speculators. But after winning a two-thirds majority in the 1866 midterm elections, Republicans overrode the veto, and in 1867, they passed the first Reconstruction Act, dissolving state governments and dividing the South into five military districts. The death tolls of these conflicts remain incalculable, and victims were overwhelmingly Black. man had the right to vote. As the war dragged on, inflation also hit the North. Only the presence of federal troops in key southern cities prevented Reconstructions quick collapse. them from moving freely, and slavery itself meant Carpetbaggers, or recent arrivals from the North, were former Union soldiers, teachers, Freedmens Bureau agents, and businessmen. Planters broke up large farms into smaller plots tended by single families in exchange for a portion of the crop, a system called sharecropping. Sometimes the violence was aimed at Black men or women who had tried to buy land or dared to be insolent toward a white southerner. 2 What happened after the end of Reconstruction quizlet? By the end of Reconstruction, the desire for self-definition, economic independence, and racial pride coalesced in the founding of dozens of Black towns across the South. Nevertheless, the formation and preservation of African American households became a paramount goal for African American women. . These laws granted some rights to African Americans, like the right to own property, to marry, or to make contracts. A lack of respect for private property and free enterprise prevented any real assault on eco African Americans actively sought ways to shed the vestiges of slavery. Why was reconstruction a failure? When just 10 percent of a states voting population had taken such an oath, loyal Unionists could then establish governments.3 These so-called Lincoln governments sprang up in pockets where Union support existed like Louisiana, Tennessee, and Arkansas. Some worried that political support for freedmen would be undermined by the pursuit of womens suffrage. Reconstruction Amendments? Black churches provided centralized leadership and organization in post-emancipation communities. It was not uncommon to find a one-room school with more than fifty students ranging in age from three to eighty. Former slaves of every age took advantage of the opportunity to become literate. After Reconstruction, African Americans did not enter the political arena again in large numbers until well into the twentieth century. After the Civil War, much of the South lay in ruins. Farther west, mining and agriculture were the mainstays of life. How did this proposal meet the goals of both the Democrats and Republicans? For all of their differences, white and Black southern women faced a similar challenge during Reconstruction. In the South, a politically mobilized Black community joined with white allies to bring the Republican Party to power, and with it a redefinition of the responsibilities of government. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The end of Reconstruction was a staggered process, and the period of Republican control ended at different times in different states. Johnson offered a pardon to all Southern whites except Confederate leaders and wealthy planters (although most of these subsequently received individual pardons), restoring their political rights and all property except slaves. The following is Jourdon Andersons reply. What is reconstruction and the end of history? This compromise said that federal troops would be removed from the south and in return the republican candidate for president-Rutherford B. Hayes-was elected. [Elizabeth Cady Stanton, seated, and Susan B. Anthony, standing, three-quarter length portrait], between 1880 and 1902.Library of Congress. For example, furniture factories were built to turn the South's lumber into furniture; textile factories used the region's cotton; factories used the South's iron and oil. Petition of E. Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone, Antoinette Brown Blackwell, and Others Asking for an Amendment of the Constitution that Shall Prohibit the Several States from Disfranchising Any of Their Citizens on the Ground of Sex, 1865.National Archives and Records Administration. the rights of citizens. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. - [Kim] How do you define freedom? By 1871, Redeemers won political control and ended Reconstruction in three important states: Tennessee, Virginia, and Georgia. With the war coming to an end, the question of how to reunite the former Confederate states with the Union was a divisive one. How did many freedmen and whites become locked in a cycle of poverty? What event marked the end of Reconstruction? Advocates for womens suffrage were largely confined to the North, but southern women were experiencing social transformations as well. Because most African Americans in the South were very poor, they could not afford to pay poll taxes that most white people could pay. Moreover, during the war, southern white women had been called on to do traditional mens work, chopping wood and managing businesses. The Court said a law could require "separate" facilities, so long as they were "equal." And nearby, in Lafayette County, Klansmen drowned thirty Black Mississippians in a single mass murder. Cotton fed the textile mills of America and Europe and brought great wealth to the region. Amendment outlawed slavery? By the end of Reconstruction in 1877, more than two thousand African American men had served in offices ranging from local levee commissioner to U.S. senator.12 When the end of Reconstruction returned white Democrats to power in the South, all but a few African American officeholders lost their positions. Later, segregation limited Nightriders harassed and killed Black candidates and officeholders and frightened voters away from the polls. The amendment legally abolished slavery except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted. Section Two of the amendment granted Congress the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. State ratification followed, and by the end of the year the requisite three fourths of the states had approved the amendment, and four million people were forever free from the slavery that had existed in North America for 250 years.4. How would these states be brought back into the Union? The national debate over Reconstruction began during the Civil War. Reconstruction, the print seems to argue, will form a more perfect Union that upholds the ideals of the American Revolution, most importantly (as seen on a streaming banner near the top) that All men are born free and equal. John Giles Lawrence, Reconstruction, 1867.Library of Congress. From the ashes of civil war, a new nation faced fresh possibilities while enduring old problems. The 14th Amendment, ratified in 1868, led to a huge increase in Broadcasting the New Departure, the NWSA encouraged women to register to vote, which roughly seven hundred did between 1868 and 1872. The second document, demonstrates one way that white Southerners denied these claims. Others resettled far from their former plantations, hoping to eventually farm their own land or run their own businesses. In the post-emancipation period it was used to stifle Black advancement and return to the old order. racially segregated but ostensibly ensuring equal opportunities to all races. The second large group, scalawags, or native-born white Republicans, included some businessmen and planters, but most were nonslaveholding small farmers from the Southern up-country. But I feel that I have claims upon my country. The economy in the South was not rebuilt, and the rights of African Americans were not protected. Then, as the federal The Morrill Land Grant helped create colleges such as the University of California, the University of Illinois, and the University of Wisconsin. Southern Black women also sought to redefine their public and private lives. back to its former owners. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Sherman lacked the authority to confiscate and distribute land, so this plan never fully took effect.13 One of the main purposes of the Freedmens Bureau, however, was to redistribute lands to formerly enslaved people that had been abandoned and confiscated by the federal government. Andrew Johnson attempted to return the Southern states to essentially the condition they were in before the American Civil War, Republicans in Congress passed laws and amendments that affirmed the equality of all men before the law and prohibited racial discrimination, that made African Americans full U.S. citizens, and that forbade laws to prevent African Americans from voting. the physical freedom of where Southern African Many of these codes defined anyone who wasn't under a labor century, permitting many laws that discriminated on the basis of race. It did not pass, and women would not gain the vote for more than half a century after Stanton and others signed this petition. Shortly thereafter, Congress approved the Fourteenth Amendment, which put the principle of birthright citizenship into the Constitution and forbade states to deprive any citizen of the equal protection of the laws. Which of the following most directly contributed to the end of Reconstruction? What was the "New South" that was emerging by 1900? Black Americans hoped that the end of the Civil War would create an entirely new world, while white southerners tried to restore the antebellum order as much as they could. Many freedpeople immediately left plantations in search of family members who had been sold away. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. While no one could agree on what the best plan for reconstructing the nation would be, Americans understood the moment as critical and perhaps revolutionary. In 1860, only five states in the North allowed African Americans to vote on equal terms with whites. Stop for a minute and picture It built mills and factories to develop its resources. In December 1863, less than a year after he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, Pres. Even the American-born New tariff laws sheltered northern industry from European competition. But they also denied fundamental rights. Northerners' losing faith in Republicans because of government corruption; Democratic candidates taking. 1, c. 1866.Library of Congress. P.H. Why did southern Democrats agree to the Compromise of 1877? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. First, it didn't include women, much to the frustration of in the United States and specifically prevented states from infringing upon How did they differ from landowners? Similar ambiguous vagrancy laws throughout the South reasserted control over Black labor in what one scholar has called slavery by another name.7 Black Codes effectively criminalized Black peoples leisure, limited their mobility, and locked many into exploitative farming contracts. The answers to many of Reconstructions questions hinged on the concepts of citizenship and equality. Others had helped enslaved people escape or taught them to read, like Georgias James D. Porter. farmed there for a few years until Lincoln's successor, Andrew Johnson, gave all confiscated land BENDER's post According to the Freedman, Posted 2 years ago. Southerners did make astonishing gains in industrial production during this time, but it was never enough. Can my 13 year old choose to live with me? Reconstruction and the End of History. Some of the material was burned, I know, but miles and miles of iron have actually disappeared, gone out of existence.1 He might as well have been talking about the entire antebellum way of life. What happened after the end of Reconstruction quizlet? But Black voters formed the backbone of the Republican coalition in the South. Black peoples desires to marry fit the governments goal to make free Black men responsible for their own households and to prevent Black women and children from becoming dependent on the government. Section One granted citizenship and repealed the Taney Courts infamous Dred Scott (1857) decision. White supremacist organizations that committed terrorist acts, such as the Ku Klux Klan, targeted local Republican leaders for beatings or assassination. This was not to say that Republican policy worked for everyone. They were met with brutality as police dispersed the crowd, and consequently the unemployment movement lost much of its steam. Many did not like what they saw, especially given the possibility of racial equality. Southern state governments, and African Americans The protections of black civil rights crumbled under the pressure of restored white rule and unfavorable Supreme Court decisions. ratified in 1870, extended the right to vote to black men. continuities and changes in the definition of freedom. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Most enslavers sought to maintain control over their formerly enslaved laborers through sharecropping contracts. In every state, African Americans formed the overwhelming majority of Southern Republican voters. Even everyday violence between individuals disproportionally targeted African Americans during Reconstruction. In 1875, the Supreme Court addressed this constitutional argument: acknowledging womens citizenship but arguing that suffrage was not a right guaranteed to all citizens. didn't have much of an impact in the short term, these Alfred R. Waud, The First Vote, November 1867.Library of Congress. Celebrated May 19th 1870, 1870.Library of Congress. Groups like the Union League, militias, and fraternal organizations all used the regalia, ritual, and even hymns of churches to inform and shape their practice. During Reconstruction, three new amendments to the Constitution redefined freedom, citizenship, and democracy in the United States. Radicalism had its limits, and the Republican Partys commitment to economic stability eclipsed their interest in racial justice. Johnson andReconstruction cartoon, 1866, This print mocksReconstruction by makingseveral allusions to Shakespeare. period following the Civil War, when the US government, For instance, some LMAs celebrated the anniversary of Stonewall Jacksons death on May 10.27 Through these activities, southern women took on political roles in the South. Terrorism worked to end federal involvement in Reconstruction and helped to usher in a new era of racial repression. In the excerpt below, Garrison Frazier, the chosen spokesman for the group, explains the importance of land for freedom. But economically, sharecropping Perhaps most striking of all, in the vast agricultural wealth of the South, many southerners struggled to find enough to eat. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. But how much really changed? Another aspect of the pursuit of freedom was the reconstitution of families. eradication of southern black poverty. Was the Reconstruction era a success or a failure? During a brief period in the Reconstruction era, African Americans voted in large numbers and held public office at almost every level, including in both houses of Congress. Soon the Bureau and the federal government would recognize that they could not accomplish a fraction of what they set out to do, including keeping African Americans safe and free in the South. The Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 freed African Americans in rebel states, and after the Civil War, the Thirteenth Amendment emancipated all U.S. slaves wherever they were. Updates? His Reconstruction plan required provisional southern governments to void their ordinances of secession, repudiate their Confederate debts, and ratify the Thirteenth Amendment.